Objective. Characterize the trends in mortality from cancer in Chile according to differences in educational level in the period 2000-2010 in the population over 20 years of age. Methods. Calculation of specific mortality from cancer, age-adjusted for different educational levels, for the period 2000-2010. The obtained rates were analyzed using a Poisson regression model, calculating the relative inequality index and the slope index of inequality for each year. Results. 232 541 deaths from cancer were reported in the period 2000-2010. The most frequent types were breast, stomach, and gallbladder cancer in women; and stomach, prostate, and lung cancer in men. Age-standardized mortality from cancer was greater in the lower educational levels, except for breast cancer in woman and lung cancer in men. The greatest differences were found in gallbladder cancer in women and stomach cancer in men, with specific mortality rates up to 49 and 63 times higher, respectively, for low educational levels compared to higher ones. Between 2000 and 2010, the differences in mortality by educational level were smaller for all cancers combined in both genders, for breast cancer in women, and for lung and stomach in men. Conclusions. During the period studied, mortality from cancer in Chile was strongly associated with the educational level of the population. This information should be considered when designing national strategies to reduce specific mortality from cancer in the most vulnerable groups.

Objetivo. Caracterizar la tendencia de la mortalidad por cáncer en Chile según diferencias por nivel educacional en el período 2000-2010 en la población mayor de 20 años. Métodos. Cálculo de las tasas de mortalidad específica por cáncer ajustadas por edad para diferentes niveles educacionales (NE), para el período 2000-2010. Las tasas obtenidas se analizaron con un modelo de regresión de Poisson, calculando el índice de desigualdad relativa (IDR) y el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente (IDP) para cada año. Resultados. Se registraron 232 541 muertes por cáncer en el período 2000-2010. Los tipos de cáncer más frecuentes fueron de mama, estómago y vesícula biliar en mujeres; y estómago, próstata y pulmón en hombres. Las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer estandarizadas por edad fueron mayores en los NE más bajos, excepto para el de mama en mujer y el de pulmón en hombres. Las mayores diferencias se encontraron en el de vesícula biliar en mujeres y el de estómago en hombres, con mayores tasas de mortalidad específica de hasta 49 y 63 veces respectivamente, para NE bajo respecto al NE alto. Entre 2000 y 2010, las diferencias en mortalidad por NE se redujeron para todos los cánceres combinados en ambos géneros, mama en mujeres, y pulmón y estómago en hombres. Conclusiones. Durante el período estudiado, la mortalidad por cáncer en Chile estuvo fuertemente asociada al NE de la población. Esta información debe ser considerada al definir estrategias nacionales para reducir la mortalidad específica por cáncer en los grupos más desprotegidos.

The purpose of this article is to review the main ideas of doctor Abraham Horwitz’s thinking (1910-2000), who dedicated all his life to public health, both in Chile and Latin America and Caribbean. This paper focuses his thought from a contemporary perspective. This is precisely our challenge. Although we live in a different world from the sixties, with great progress in health, there are still huge gaps between countries and social groups, as well as large demographic and economic transformations with high social impact.

El propósito de este artículo es revisar las ideas centrales del pensamiento del Dr. Abraham Horwitz (1910-2000), quien se dedicó en cuerpo y alma a la salud pública, tanto de Chile como de América Latina y el Caribe. Este trabajo aborda su pensamiento desde una perspectiva contemporánea. Este es justamente nuestro desafío. Aunque vivimos en un mundo diferente al de los años sesenta, con grandes progresos en materia de salud, aún existen enormes brechas entre países y grupos sociales, además de grandes transformaciones sociodemográficas y económicas con alto impacto social.

: O propósito deste artigo é revisar as ideias centrais do pensamento do Dr. Abraham Horwitz (1910-2000), quem se dedicou corpo e alma à saúde pública, tanto do Chile como da América Latina e do Caribe. Este trabalho aborda o seu pensamento a partir de uma perspectiva contemporânea. Este é justamente o nosso desafio. Embora vivamos num mundo diferente ao dos anos sessenta, com grandes progressos em matéria de saúde, ainda existem enormes diferenças entre países e grupos sociais, além de grandes transformações sociodemográficas e econômicas com alto impacto social.

The article summarizes the scientific evidence related with protection conferred by the 23 valent polysacchar-die vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease, non bacteriemic pneumococcal pneumonia, and probable pneumococal pneumonia in the elderly. Eider patients with and without risk factors are considered. The impact of herd immunitty conferred by vaccination of children with conjugated pneumococcal vaccine in reduction of penumonia in adults is discussed. Based on this analysis, the Advisory Committee on Immunizations of the Chilean Infectious Disease Society makes recommendations on the most efficient vaccine strategy for reduction of pneumococcal pneumonia in the elderly.

El artículo resume los hallazgos de la evidencia científica en relación a la protección que confiere la vacuna neumocóccica polisacárida 23 valente contra la enfermedad neumocóccica invasora, las neumonías neumocóccicas no bacteriémicas y las neumonías probablemente de etiología neumocóccica en el adulto mayor, estableciendo una categorización entre adultos mayores con factores de riesgo y sin ellos. Se documenta a la vez, el impacto que ha tenido la vacuna neumocóccica conjugada en la población infantil, en reducir las neumonías en el adulto mayor. Basados en la información disponible, el Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología, realiza recomendaciones sobre cuál sería la mejor forma de prevenir las enfermedades neumocóccicas en el adulto mayor.

A special Committee on Internal Medicine and Public Health was established by Sociedad Médica de Santiago (Chilean Society of Internal Medicine) in April 2007 with the duty to write a Consensus Paper on the interaction between both branches of medical profession. The main objective was to find the common grounds on which to construct a positive approach to regain space for Internal Medicine, based on prevalent epidemiológica! features related to adult health issues. The authors describe the reasons to explain the gap between clinical medicine and population health and identify the nature and evolution of chronic diseases as the point of encounter between both. With Chilean health surveys data, they state that chronic diseases explain the high proportion of burden of disease, mortality and disability, and stress that by the year 2025 one in every five inhabitants will be over 65years of age, with ageing as another main problem for the health care sector. Population with multiple risks and multimorbidity is the most important challenge for the Chilean Health Care System. A new model of care is needed to tackle this scenario with new skills regarding psychosocial determinants of health. The leading role of internists and ideally geriatricians, will be crucial in this process and will help the implementation of sound population based interventions. Both individual and community level interventions will help to improve quality of life of Chilean families.

The article briefly reviews the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and associated diseases in the world and in Chile and the scientific information of the licensed HPV vaccines: Gardasil® and Cervarix®. Considering the available information, the Consultive Committee of Immunizations of the Chilean Society of Infectious Diseases, summarizes its conclusions and makes recommendations for vaccination against HPV in Chile.

El artículo revisa brevemente la epidemiología de las infecciones por virus papiloma humano (VPH) y las enfermedades asociadas, tanto en el mundo como en Chile y la información científica de las vacunas contra VPH licenciadas: Gardasil® y Cervarix®. Considerando la información disponible, el Comité Consultivo de Inmunizaciones de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectología, resume sus conclusiones y hace sus recomendaciones para la vacunación contra VPH en Chile.

Changes in medical practice have been very deep in the last 50 years. These changes have happened together with other external variations in the economy, demography, culture and information, generating a sense of uneasiness and unhappiness among the medical profession. This problem is visible when interviewing clinicians in a wide range of medical settings, independently of their contractual arrangement. The medical work model in Chile has changed from a situation in which there was a sole employer, the National Health Service, one single training school, the University of Chile, and a small minority of powerful and influential intellectual leaders. At the beginning of the XXI century, there are several modes of medical work, distant and unconnected among them. On the other side of the problem many factors add complexity, such as the demographic and epidemiological transition, technological advance, the dual rich-poor medical care, the emergence of malpractice procedures and the new, better informed and more demanding medical consumer. On top of this, different health care systems reform initiatives appear, providing more uncertainty to a nearly unbearable situation. This bibliographic review shows us that similar feelings are experienced in advanced countries and in developing societies such as Chile (Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 637-42).

The Chilean physician Abraham B Horwitz (1910-2000) was an outstanding personality of World and Pan American public health during the second half of the twentieth century. He was member of a family that, emigrating due to ethnic persecutions in Russia, took refuge in Chile. He became a relevant physician, a specialist in infectious diseases and public health. He was highly influential in the birth of the Public Health School at the University of Chile and the Chilean Health Service. He became Executive Director of the Pan American Health Organization, holding that position for 16 years. During this period, the institution experienced a great development. He stimulated research in the areas of basic sanitation, nutrition and eradication of transmissible diseases. He also opened unexplored areas such as the relation between economy, modern administration and health. During his last years, he chaired a successful Nutrition Committee at the United Nations. The most outstanding achievement of this Committee was the promotion of widespread vitamin A use. His intellectual and social deed is continued by The Pan American Foundation for Health and Education and this institution established an annual prize in his memory. (Rev Méd Chile 2003; 131: 929-34)

The combination of inspiration, science, and politics is a cornerstone precept for the common good of humanity, towards the fulfillment of social objectives. Based on this precept, this paper reviews core experiences of the Chilean Health Sector. Health sector key events taking place during the first half of the 20th century were the creation of the National Health Service and the development of mother and child healthcare policies. After the earthquake of 1939, the future President of Chile, Doctor Salvador Allende, set up the Special Sanitation Council, to balance policies. Also, he launched the Social Security reform process, which endured financing restrictions and the animosity of physicians opposing the socialization of medical care. In 1951 the reform was approved, to extend coverage to blue collar workers and their families; separate health provision from healthcare security; emphasize preventive pediatric care in mother's health, and reproductive health. The basic tenets of healthcare reform were the right to health, solidarity, and equity, as the pillars of policy-making and healthcare programming. The question of whether the evolution of social security in Chile has been consistent with the original healthcare reform tenets is raised by the author. The English version of this paper is available at: <A HREF="http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html">http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html</A>

Partiendo de la premisa de que la conjunción de mística, ciencia y política --escalones para un bien común destinado a la humanidad-- potencia la resolución de objetivos socialmente planteados, el presente documento revisa una parte medular de la experiencia en el Sector Salud en Chile, cuyos procesos hacia la primera mitad del siglo XX, como el nacimiento del Servicio Nacional de Salud y el desarrollo de políticas de atención materno infantil, figuran como parteaguas del actual sistema de salud chileno. Luego de la catástrofe ocasionada por el sismo de 1939, el futuro presidente de la nación, doctor Salvador Allende, establece el Consejo Especial de Salubridad, que equilibra políticas e impulsa una reforma a la Seguridad Social que enfrentó obstáculos de financiamiento y el resquemor de los médicos opuestos a la socialización de la práctica médica. En 1951 se aprueba dicha reforma la cual amplía la cobertura a todos los obreros y a sus familias, separando la previsión de la seguridad en salud, enfatizando en la atención pediátrica preventiva, en la materno infantil y en salud reproductiva. Esta reforma postuló el derecho a la salud, la solidaridad y la equidad como principios sustanciales en cualquier formulación político-programática de salud. El autor se pregunta si los desarrollos posteriores de la seguridad social en salud en su país han sido consecuentes con estos principios. El texto completo en inglés de este artículo está disponible en: <A HREF="http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html">http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html </A>

The combination of inspiration, science, and politics is a cornerstone precept for the common good of humanity, towards the fulfillment of social objectives. Based on this precept, this paper reviews core experiences of the Chilean Health Sector. Health sector key events taking place during the first half of the 20th century were the creation of the National Health Service and the development of mother and child healthcare policies. After the earthquake of 1939, the future President of Chile, Doctor Salvador Allende, set up the Special Sanitation Council, to balance policies. Also, he launched the Social Security reform process, which endured financing restrictions and the animosity of physicians opposing the socialization of medical care. In 1951 the reform was approved, to extend coverage to blue collar workers and their families; separate health provision from healthcare security; emphasize preventive pediatric care in mother's health, and reproductive health. The basic tenets of healthcare reform were the right to health, solidarity, and equity, as the pillars of policy-making and healthcare programming. The question of whether the evolution of social security in Chile has been consistent with the original healthcare reform tenets is raised by the author. The English version of this paper is available at: <A HREF="http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html">http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html</A>

Partiendo de la premisa de que la conjunción de mística, ciencia y política --escalones para un bien común destinado a la humanidad-- potencia la resolución de objetivos socialmente planteados, el presente documento revisa una parte medular de la experiencia en el Sector Salud en Chile, cuyos procesos hacia la primera mitad del siglo XX, como el nacimiento del Servicio Nacional de Salud y el desarrollo de políticas de atención materno infantil, figuran como parteaguas del actual sistema de salud chileno. Luego de la catástrofe ocasionada por el sismo de 1939, el futuro presidente de la nación, doctor Salvador Allende, establece el Consejo Especial de Salubridad, que equilibra políticas e impulsa una reforma a la Seguridad Social que enfrentó obstáculos de financiamiento y el resquemor de los médicos opuestos a la socialización de la práctica médica. En 1951 se aprueba dicha reforma la cual amplía la cobertura a todos los obreros y a sus familias, separando la previsión de la seguridad en salud, enfatizando en la atención pediátrica preventiva, en la materno infantil y en salud reproductiva. Esta reforma postuló el derecho a la salud, la solidaridad y la equidad como principios sustanciales en cualquier formulación político-programática de salud. El autor se pregunta si los desarrollos posteriores de la seguridad social en salud en su país han sido consecuentes con estos principios. El texto completo en inglés de este artículo está disponible en: <A HREF="http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html">http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html </A>